Explanation: The primary goal of database normalization is to minimize data redundancy by organizing data into separate tables to eliminate duplicate information.

Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) eliminates partial dependencies and ensures that every non-prime attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

Explanation: Third Normal Form (3NF) eliminates transitive dependencies by ensuring that non-prime attributes are not functionally dependent on other non-prime attributes.

Explanation: Fourth Normal Form (4NF) allows multi-valued dependencies to be removed by further reducing data redundancy.

Explanation: A superkey is a key composed of multiple attributes that can be used to uniquely identify a tuple.

Explanation: The main advantage of denormalization in a database is faster query performance, as it reduces the need for complex joins and allows for quicker data retrieval.

Explanation: Denormalization involves intentionally adding redundancy to a database for performance optimization, sacrificing some degree of data redundancy for improved query performance.

Explanation: Fifth Normal Form (5NF), also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJNF), is often considered the highest level of normalization.

Explanation: Horizontal Denormalization combines multiple related tables into a single table, often used to reduce the need for joins in queries.

Explanation: The primary disadvantage of denormalization in a database is increased storage space requirements due to the redundancy introduced.

Explanation: First Normal Form (1NF) ensures that a table is in a state where no two rows are identical by removing repeating groups and ensuring atomicity of attributes.

Explanation: Vertical Denormalization combines multiple related tables by adding columns to a single table, often used to optimize specific queries.

Explanation: Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) ensures that a table is in a state where there are no transitive dependencies among attributes.

Explanation: The primary purpose of normalization in a database is to improve data integrity by eliminating data redundancy and organizing data in a structured manner.

Explanation: Materialized Views involve storing precomputed summary information in a separate table to improve query performance.

Explanation: Horizontal Denormalization combines multiple related tables into a single table by merging rows with similar values, often used for denormalizing dimension tables in data warehousing.

Explanation: Third Normal Form (3NF) is often considered sufficient for most database applications as it removes transitive dependencies and reduces data redundancy.

Explanation: The primary disadvantage of normalization in a database is slower query performance due to the need for complex joins when retrieving data.

Explanation: Junction Denormalization involves storing related data in a single table to optimize specific queries by reducing the need for joins.

Explanation: First Normal Form (1NF) is often a starting point for further normalization in the normalization process.

Explanation: The primary purpose of denormalization in a database is to optimize query performance by reducing the complexity of queries.

Explanation: Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) ensures that there are no partial dependencies and no transitive dependencies in a table.

Explanation: Aggregation in denormalization combines multiple related tables into a single table by grouping similar data together, often used for reporting purposes.

Explanation: Reduction Denormalization involves reducing the number of tables in a database by eliminating some relationships to simplify the database structure.

Explanation: The primary purpose of normalization and denormalization in a database is to balance query performance and data integrity by optimizing data organization and structure.